Georgian & Victorian Scottish History

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Scottish History Timeline: 19th Century

1813-1829 AD: Policy for the Improvement of the Highlands / Irish & Scots Literary Revival / Famine & Substinence Crisis / Year of the Plague: The first of 14 partial famines [1816, 1817, 1818, 1819, 1821, 1822, 1823, 1824, 1825, 1826, 1830, 1831, 1836, 1837] that span years until 1845. Murder of Highlanders becomes legal. Highland houses burnt to the ground, dying Highlanders are called animals by Lady Sutherland. Corn Laws prohibit corn until prices have reached starvation level. Aristocrats collect tales from the dying, native tartan designs are suppressed and weavers are hired to create new tartans for the nobility. Sir Walter Scott’s propaganda on Highland culture favorable to the taste of the aristocracy is called Balmoralism after King Georg IV’s coronation at Balmoral Castle in 1822. Pains & Penalties Bill 1820 exiled his wife Queen Caroline (d 1821) of Braunschweig, turning her away from the coronation. Spa Fields Riots: Wheat prices rise. Londoners petition George IV for relief and are rejected. 10,000 storm the Tower of London after gathering at the Cock and Mulberry Tree public houses early in the morning. George IV’s carriage mobbed at Westminster, a bullet breaks through the window, Parliament is adjourned and Martial law is declared 30,000 Manchester cottonworkers walk towards London and are arrested. Pentrich Rising / Derbyshire Insurrection / Peterloo Massacre: Home Secretary Lord Sidmouth, sends William Oliver the Spy Richards to infiltrate and arrest Thomas Bacon’s men for protesting the National Debt. Leaders escape, protesters are sentenced to transportation, three hanged. 60,000 massacred after demonstrating for Parliamentary reform in Manchester. London Metropolitan Police force established after Cato Street Conspiracy plot to assassinate British cabinet.
Halloween 1828: William Burke & William Hare discovered murdering and suppling corpses preserved in whisky to Dr. Robert Knox’s Edinburgh anatomy schools. The corpse preservative, Rock-gut whisky, sold to medical students at a reduced cost. Knox is never prosecuted. Hare turns state’s evidence. Burke is hung, dissected, death-masked, and a wallet made from his tanned skin preserved at the Anatomy Museum of the Edinbugh Royal College of Surgeons. Burker Tales enters the vocabulary as horrible body-snatching stories told at Halloween. Deadsafes are manufactured as coffin-protectors. Watchtowers set up in graveyards.
International: English burn the White House. President Madison flees. 1815: Congress of Vienna / Battle of Waterloo / Hundred Days’ War: Napoleon overthrows Bourbon Louis XVIII and attacks the Allies in Belgium, in the hope of driving the British into the sea. Prussians retreat in Ligny and Wellington’s forces are blocked at Quatre Bras. French Admiral Ney fails to clear the cross-roads and Wellington’s troops hide at Mont St Jean, Waterloo, Brabant. Napoleon is forced to abdicate and is exiled to Saint Helena Sovereignty over the Austrian Netherlands is given to Willem Frederik I, a.k.a Prince William VI of Orange, King of Holland and Arch-Duke of Luxembourg. Famines the next year due officially to a failure of grain harvest hit France and Louis XVIII reduces the tariffs slightly on grain. The tariffs are increased when Charles X takes the throne from 1827 to 1830. Neapolitan Revolt: Ferdinand VII deposed. Anglo-Burmese War: Lord Amhurst invades Burma Russo-Persian War / Policy for the Improvement of the Jews / Polish Rebellion: Poland partitioned. Nobility come under the control of the Czars. Russia is given part of Armenia, Georgia & northern Azerbaijan. Jews expelled from Russia. Greek, Cretan, Serbian & Decembrists’ Uprisings against the Ottoman empire. Guyana: British troops massacre slaves. The bullet riddled body of Quamina, bound in chains, put on public show. Black War: Aborigines revolt, spear Englishmen to death, mutilate their corpses, steal sheep, flour, sugar, burn crops and houses. English poison their flour and sugar, sell them into slavery, and feed them to dogs. Argentine-Brazilian War: Uruguay created by British mediation. Chilean War of Independance:José Miguel Carrera & Bernardo O’Higgins. Peruvian War of Independance: under Ayacucho. Padri Minangkabau: Dipo Negoro’s War: Dutch invade Java, starve the people, and seize land. Prince Dipo Negoro revolts. War of the Two Brothers: Charles Napier’s naval squadron invades Lisbon to restore Pedro to the throne after his brother seizes the monarchy.
1830-1839 AD: King William Henry IV, brother of Georg IV, ascends throne. Anatomy Act of 1832: Authorizes workhouse corpse dissection 1832: Aberdeen Riots: Doctor Moir’s Aberdeen Anatomical Theatre seiged by a mob and burnt to the ground. A dog digging at the rear of the theatre discovered a bone, which caused rumors that hundreds of dismembered corpses were buried there. Tithe War: Daniel O’Connell appeals to Irish farmers to stop paying mandatory tithes to the Church of England. The English send in thousands of troops. Protestant clergy, unable to collect the tithes, survive on the English Relief Fund. O’Connell asks for a repeal of the Tithe Act and is elected Lord Mayor. He holds Monster Meetings and attracts a quarter million Irish. The government forbids the Clontarf meeting and sends in five regiments of soldiers. O’Connell is tried and imprisoned. Poor Law Amendment Act (4 & 5 Will IV c. 76): Sir Edwin Chadwick abolishes outdoor relief, allows workhouse owners to charge taxes to citizens on loan-money borrowed to create new and larger concentration camps, orders larger concentration camps to be built after Easter Sunday, introduces the Bills of Mortality, mandates that a concentration camp be built within ten miles of every town in England and Wales and that all victims sign in. 1837 General Election: Bristol Riot:Houses of Parliament destroyed by fire. Protesters kill 7 police-men of the 14th Royal Dragoons, burn the Mansion House, Customs House, three prisons, and sixty five houses down to the ground. The Dragoons kill 70 people and wound hundreds. The British army call the riot ‘unprovoked’.
Agricultural ‘Swing’ Riots: The poor of England riot and attack workhouses. They identify themselves as supporters of ‘Captain Swing’. The parsons of Headley and Selborne workhouses agree to halve the income they collect from tithes. The Royal Commission, under the chairmanship of the Bishop of London, with commissoners Nassau Senior and Edwin Chadwick declare that poverty is caused the indigence of individuals rather than economic and social conditions. London Workingmens’Association Chartist Petition calls for voting by ballot, universal male suffrage, annual Parliaments, equal electoral districts, no property qualifications for members of Parliament, and payment of members. It is rejected. Surviving leaders [22 are shot to death] are arrested at the Liverpool Assizes. Newport Riots: A confrontation between Chartist miners, railway magnates, and the military under Sir Charles Napier.
International: Angry mobs destroy Ohio’s Worthington Medical College for its practice of using cadavers stolen from graveyards. Dissection legal in MA. 1830 : Belgian Revolution:Treaty of London: The opera La Muette de Portici about repression of Neapolitans is staged in Brussels. A riot begins and the Minister Justice, who lives in Brussels, is almost killed. King William VI of Orange sends troops to repress the riots. The new independant state of Belgium is proclaimed. July Revolution: Charles X overthrown and replaced by Louis-Philippe. France captures Algiers [Suez Canal construction]. Mohammed Ali Pasha, Viceroy of Egypt moves Ramses II’s 3300-year-old Obelisk of Luxor to la Place de la Concorde. Cholera kills 19,000. Emancipation Rebellion of Western Jamaica: Sam Sharpe & 20,000 slaves set the Kensington sugar works Estate in St. James on fire. 201 rebels killed in fighting the combined forces of the British army, navy and local militia. St. Kitts Rebellion, La Amistad Revolt: Cinque/Singbe, an African headman from Sierra Leone is kidnapped, kills the captain & crew. Cinque & 38 of his followers arrested with piracy at Long Island Their ‘owners’ sue for their return. According to Anti-Slavery International the average slave in 1850 fetches $40,000. Opium War: Shanghai banking collapes China is opened to foreign trade and permanent trade zones established and dominated by the west and Japan. South China is ‘hived off to the coastal European powers; central China to the European inland powers; and north China (what eventually became occupied Manchuria) to the Japanese. ...Portugal and Spain were vanquished to the south; and a joint English and American control of south Chinese trade took off to immensely profitable levels. This becoming the era of the famous ‘clippers’ or sailing ships from Boston financiers that led to great fortunes being made in the tea and opium trade, and the importation of huge numbers of Chinese and Korean ceramics into western Europe & America.’ England seizes Hong Kong. Black Hawk Massacre: Sac &Fox Indians killed while planting corn British American Land Company of Canada under Alexander Tilloch Galt seizes The Eastern Townships in 1833, divides land into ten-mile-square parcels, and awards them to loyalists who fought in the War of 1812. Mexican Pastry War: Anastasio Bustamante refuses to pay debt on loans to France. France destroys Veracruz with US warships. Mexican Dictator Antonio López de Santa Ana attacks the Alamo Mission in San Antonio, kills ex-Congressman David Crockett, the Tennessee militia, lawyer William B. Travis, and slave trader Jim Bowie. Mexico agrees to pay debt under mediation. 1837: Maria Ignacia Lopez de Carillo, half-sister of governor Pio Pico and mother-in-law of General Mariano Guadeloupe de Vallejo builds an adobe home in Santa Rosa, California. Her son Julio builds the courthouse. Battle of Blood River: Boer Dutch Colonists with British weaponry seize land and fight 10,000 Zulus under King Shaka. Bay of Islands War: First Maori War, Treaty of Waitangi, Wairau Massacre: Maori chiefs in New Zealand recognize British sovereignty in return for tribes being guaranteed possession of their lands. They are massacred. Netherlands split into Holland & Belgium.
1840-1846 AD: Rioters burn Depwade workhouse in protest of tickets. [Unemployed laborers were given a ticket to take to local employers. If no work was available, the employer would sign the ticket. Relief was only given to those submitting completed tickets.] Bone Crushing: Starving inmates at Andover workhouse fight over scraps of rotting meat left on bones they were supposed to be crushing into dust for fertilizer. 70 new death-camps created in Scotland. Chartist Co-operative Land Co. purchases houses, but settlers sent to concentration camps. Turner’s Rebellion: Southampton Insurrection: Southern English Trade Unionists deported to penal colonies in Australia. At Macquarrie Prison: Hell’s Gate, they are beaten, starved to death, told to bounty hunt aborigines by prison wardens, and survive by eating rats and the dead bodies of their comrades. 1837: King William’s niece Princess Alexandrina Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld gains the throne. Under Salic law she is not allowed to inherit the Kingdom of Hanover so his brother Ernest Augustus I, the infamous Duke of Cumberland goes to rule Germany with his cousin Frederica Louisa Carolina Sophia Alexandra of Mecklenburg-Streitz. Queen Alexandrina Victoria marries Prince Albert von Wettin of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha in 1840. Edward Oxford attempts to assassinate her while she is riding in a carriage with Prince Albert in London, but both bullets miss. John Francis tries killing her in 1842 , misses, and is sentenced to a lifetime of slavery.
International: Indian Removal Act: President Andrew Jackson forces natives to concentration camps called reservations. Mandans exterminated. The Long Walk. Nunna daul Tsuny (The Trail Where they Cried): The seven clans of the Cherokees death marched from Georgia to Oklahoma by orders of President Van Buren under General Winfield Scott. Manifest Destiny: Land Donation Law: Cornelius Smith invades Oregon. Government allots 320 acres to white male pioneers and 640 acres to married white couples to displace British claims Uruguay: Siege of Montevideo: British & French naval forces blockade Buenos Aires until the Colorado oligarchy wins over the Blanco oligarchy at Cerrito. Caste War: Yucatán Secession English settlers invade Belize. Mayans in the Yucatán attack key Spanish positions. Naning War, Malaysia: Refuses to hand over one-10th of his state’s crops to the English.
1847- 1867 AD: The Great Hunger: Trevelyan’s deliberately engineered, genocidal famines.Potato blight hits Ireland and Scotland. English export grain, cattle, and harvested food and watch the Irish and Scots die. In one day the AJAX carries butter,wheat, bales of bacon, ham, whiskey, 102 casks of pork, 844 tons of oats, 145 casks of porter, 12 sacks of fodder, 28 bales of feathers, 8 sacks of lard, 296 boxes of eggs, 30 head of cattle, 90 pigs, 220 lambs, 34 calves and 69 miscellaneous packages. Royal Irish Regiment formed to kill the Irish.Gregory Clause: Those that go to the Workhouses for food are required to give up their land titles to their landlords, work for gruel, and are moved to the Dying Rooms as they weaken. Corpses are pushed through chutes into mass graves outside. 12 million bodies are left to rot on the sides of roads.
The Times September 2, 1846:
Ireland is like a half-starved rat that crosses the path of an elephant. What must the elephant do? Squelch it - by heavens - squelch it... ...A Celt will soon be as rare on the banks of the Shannon as the red man on the banks of Manhattan.
Punch Magazine claims the Irish and Scots are lazy, immoral, bloodthirsty and subhuman. Queen Victoria says the Irish women have beautiful hair even when they are dying and sets up the Highland Emigration Society. Highlanders are seized and placed onto slave ships in chains to the Americas. The tricolor national flag of Ireland presented by the Young Irelanders. Salmon disappear from the Thames river and the river is used as a dumping ground for industrial waste and sewage. 35,000 Londoners die of cholera after bathing in the river. [It is not until the 1857 heatwave carrying the stench to the Houses of Parliament that clean-up is considered. It is still poluted] 1850 Burials Act Prohibits all future burials in London and establishs cemeteries away from the capital. Sugar Equalization Duties Act of 1851: Slave products of Cuba, Brazil and foreign plantations equal with European beet sugar Second Chartist Petition: The 79-year old Duke of Wellington sends in London’s defences: 150,000 Special Constables (including Gladstone and Louis Napoleon Bonaparte) and the army to stop the Chartists from drafting their petition. Chartist Feargus O’Connor is declared mentally insane, diagnosed with ‘General Paralysis of the Insane’ and committed to Dr. Tuke’s Lunatic Asylum in Chiswick in 1852.English Eugenics Society a.k.a The Galton Institute formed. Francis Galton publishes Hereditary Genius— the idea that the governing classes of England should guide the development of the human genetic heritage. “Cleansing the human race by sterilizing the ‘unfit.’”
International: 1846-1848: US-Mexican War: Jan 13, 1847 :Treaty of Cachuenga, Feb 2, 1948: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: 1862: Batalla de Puebla: Cinco de Mayo Treaty of Cahuenga ended the fighting of the Mexican-American War in Alta California [invaded for its sea port]. Signed by Lieutenant-Colonel John C. Fremont of the California Battalion of United States forces & General Andrés Pico Gefe de las fuerzas nacionales en California on January 13, 1847 on the kitchen table of Tomás Feliz’s six-room adobe house at Campo de Cahuenga in what is now North Hollywood. The treaty allowed the Californios who fought under the Mexican Flag to return home after giving up their artillery at Mission San Fernando. The California Battalion agreed not to again take up arms during the war between the United States and Mexico. The treaty provided that all prisoners from both sides be immediately freed. General Zachary Taylor’s [later US President who died in 1852] Army of Occupation invades the Rio Grande [January 1846], Palo Alto [May, 1846], Monterrey [Sept 21, 1846], Saltillo, Buena Vista [Feb 3, 1847], fighting against Gen. Mariano Arista, General Antonio López de Santa Ana, General Pedra de Ampudia and the Irish American Batallón de San Patricios under John O’Riley a.k.a Juan Reley and Patrick Dalton. Center Division under John E. Wool invades Chihuahua. Taylor then leaves and the Occupation Army under General Winfield Scott & Engineer Robert E. Lee invade Veracruz [March 9, 1847], Puebla, Churubusco Convent near Mexico City [Aug 20, 1847], Molino del Rey [Sept 6, 1847], Chapultepec [Sept 12, 1847], Mexico City [Sept 14, 1847], Huamantla [October 9, 1847] fighting against General Antonio López de Santa Ana, General Joaquín Rea, Mexican battalions Independencia y Bravo under President Pedro María Anaya, Battallón de San Patricios and Mexican guerilla forces. When General Anaya was asked by General Twiggs to hand over his ammunition after the end of the battle of Churbusco, he was reputed to have replied, If I had any ammunition, you would not be here. General José Joaquin de Herrera replaces Santa Ana after Huamantla. The San Patricios were court martialled in Mexico City in 1847 for treason. By order of General Winfield Scott, they were to be executed at the precise moment that the flag of the United States replaced that of Mexico [President Manuel Peña y Peña] atop the citadel. When the flag was run up the fortress’ pole, the gallows were dropped. Those who survived the war generally disappeared from history. A handful are on record as having made use of the land claims promised them by the Mexican government. To commemorate the support of those Irish-American renegades in the Mexican army, the street in front of the Santa María de Churubusco convent was named Mártires Irlandeses: Irish martyrs. The Batallón San Patricio is also commemorated on two separate days in Mexico; the first being September 12, the anniversary of the first executions, and the other on Saint Patrick’s Day. 1848: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: Mexico cedes Upper [Alta] California, New Mexico, Colorado, Texas, Arizona & Nevada to the US for 15 million. Yerba Buena of the 1830s renamed San Francisco, CA and occupied by Central Pacific Railroad. Yerba Buena cemetery (modern city hall) bodies are re-interred in Colma in 1913. 1861: Napoleon III invades Mexico for minerals. Archduke Maximillian III of Austria arrives in Veracruz with his wife Carlotta to govern the country. May 5, 1862: Batalla de Puebla Puebla, Mexico. Count Charles Latrille de Lorencez’ 6,500 artillery troops are defeated by General Ignacio Zaragoza, General Jaime Garcia’s infantry, Porfirio Díaz cavalry, the Zacapoaxtla and Xochiapulco. On May 9, 1862, President Juárez declared that the anniversary of the Battle of Puebla would be a national holiday, the Cinco de Mayo. The victory quashed Napoleon III’s hopes of a quick takeover of Mexico, which he was planning to use as a base to aid the Confederates in the American Civil War. Maximillian III, Méndez, Mejía & Miramón executed at Cerro de las Campanas, Querétaro by Mexican President Benito Juarez in 1867. Carlotta flees to Europe. 1847: Whitman Massacre: Walla-Walla Massacre: Cayuse WarThe Chief of the Walla Walla’s son is murdered. The Father of Oregon Jean-Baptist McLoughlin, who had been aquitted of the murder of Red River Colony Governor Robert Semple while employed by the Hudson Bay Company, is promoted to Columbia District Chief Factor. Cayuse and Umatilla are dying of measles, cholera and scarlet fever. Cayuse Chiefs Tiloukaikt & Tomahas, Kiamsumpkin, Iaiachalakis and Klokomas go to the Waiilatpu mission for medicine. According to trial documents in Oregon City they are accused of killing measles doctor Dr Marcus Whitman [who led the first wagon train along the Oregon Trail], Narcissa Whitman, Andrew Rogers, Jacob Hoffman, L. W. Sanders, Mr. Marsh, John Sager, Nathan Kimball, Isaac Gilliland, James Young, Frank Sager, Crockett Blewley and Amos Sales and holding 54 women and children for ransom, including the daughter of Rocky Mountain Fur Company mogul Jim Bridger and the Sager orphans. There is no mention of a jury and the men are sentenced to death by hanging in 1850 by Territorial Marshall Joseph Meek. Clergyman Cornelius Gilliam and his force of 500 militiamen invade the Cayuse, Umatilla, & Walla-Walla homeland. The tribes retreat into the Blue Mountains continuing to fight with guerilla warfare through 1855. 1848: Battle of St Lucia, Lamoricière: February Revolution, Second Republic of France: Massive ‘crop failures’ throughout France and Central Europe lead to unrest. King Louis Phillippe forbids a huge banquet scheduled for Feb. 22, 1848, in Paris, and his troops shoot at the banquet goers. Louis Phillipe is overthrown and Prince Louis Napoléon Bonaparte wins the presidency by 5 million votes. Baron Haussman, Prefect of the Seine. Windischgratz captures Vienna. Franz Joseph I Hapsburg declared Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia & Hungary. Hungary refuses the monarchy and Hungary is reduced to obedience, but not before the Emperor is seriously knife-wounded by Hungarian Mr. Lebenyi. 1854: Kansas-Nebraska Act: Soldier of fortune William Walker, hired by railroad magnate Cornelius Vanderbilt, is kidnapped by the Huron. 1853: Walker seizes Baja California and declares it a Republic He invades Grenada, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, & Costa Rica. Walker becomes president of Nicaragua [The major trade route between New York City & San Francisco through the San Juan River] and writes The War in Nicaragua He is overthrown by Cornelius Vanderbilt with US forces; handed over to the British and executed in Honduras in 1860. 1859: War of Italian Independence:Austria loses all of its Italian possessions leading to a new unified Italian monarchy. 1861-1865: US Civil War: Oregon enters the Union as a non-slave state in 1859. C Battery British Dragoons “North Carolina State Troops” hired by North Carolina Railroad. 1861: Secession U.S. Senator John J. Crittenden proposes creating a slave-holding empire in tropical Latin America with the 36°30' North parallel as a line of demarcation between free and slave territories. Abraham Lincoln, of the anti-slavery Republican Party, denounces the arrangement, saying that it ‘would amount to a perpetual covenant of war against every people, tribe, and State owning a foot of land between here and Tierra del Fuego.’ Former Secretary of War Jefferson Davis resigns from Congress and is selected as the first president of the Confederate States of America the next day February 4, 1861 which includes: South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Texas & Louisiana. He is followed by Senator Alexander ‘Smart Aleck’ Stephens. Georgia Senator Robert Toombs has to hire a carriage to take him South because his personal slaves had run off to be free. California and Oregon consider alligning themselves into a new country called TransPacifica – Poor Tom’s Almanac Ernst II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg & Gotha, brother-in-law of Queen Victoria, appoints Ernst Raven diplomatic exequatur to the Confederate Government on July 30, 1861. 1862 Conscription law places all citizens between the ages of 18 and 35 not exempt from military service under the control of Confederate Authorities. Bodies of veterans transported to Ford Theatre. Battle of Lynchburg: British Dragoon “Virginia Militia” N Battery battle Federal Troops, advance to Baltimore, find a deserted city, plunder the capitol. Federal Troops attack train, raid supplies, shoot color guard & flag bearer. Battle of Bunker Hill: Confederate Armies surrender. President Davis incarcerated in 1865. Chivington Massacre / Sand CreekMassacre / Cheyenne-Arapaho War / Colorado War of 1864-65 / Fetterman Massacre: Cheyenne & Arapaho refuse to sell hunting grounds to gold mining companies. Governor John Evans & Colonel John Chivington declare war. Colonal Edwin Sumner massacres Cheyenne. Northern Arapaho Black Bear band fight three columns 3,000 troops sent into the Powder River. Oglala war chief Red Cloud kills Fetterman and 80 men 1866: Seven Weeks War: Battle of KoniggrItz: German Civil War: Franco-Prussian War: Bonaparte & 83,000 troops taken prisoner at Sedan. Parisians revolt, invade the National Assembly and proclaim the Third Republic. Prussian army lays siege to Paris. Paris Commune, the Communards, burn the Palace of the Tuileries. 20,000 die in a week of blood as the Commune is suppressed by the French army under General MacMahon. Frankfurt becomes the center of the Confederation of the Rhine. Because it sides with Austria it is seized by Prussia and becomes part of Greater Imperial Germany until November 9th 1918. German Federal Reserve Bank: Bundesbank a.k.a Reichsbank Frankfurt a.k.a Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft founded by four entrepreneurs: Meister Lucius & Co. Dye factory [becomes I.G. Farbenindustrie AG or Farbwerke Hoechst AG, vormals Meister Lucius & Brüni in 1925 Now Aventis] Crimean War: Armenia comes under control of the Czars. England fights on the side of the Turks because Russia is seeking to control the Dardanelles and thus threaten England’s Mediterranean sea routes. Barrackpore Mutiny: England annexes Oudh, Punjab Sonthals revolt. West Africa [Faidherbe governor of Senegal] invaded for palm oil. Piedmontese / Sardinian Insurrections Napoleon III / Sardinia against Austria.Treaty of Nankin China’s borders opened. Muslims rebel in China. Apache & Navaho War / Long Walk Massacre: Apache Nation [Geronimo] fights General Nelson A Miles. Death march. Land divided between US & Mexico. Battle of Four Lakes: Yakima War, Washington 13 tribes’ lands stolen. People placed in reservations. Chief Kamaiakan flees to Canada Spirit Lake Massacre: Inkpaduta & Dakota starved to death. 33 settlers killed. Mountain Meadows Massacre: Utah Mormons murder 120 Arkansas pioneers headed for California.Meiji Restoration: Tokugawa shogunate falls, Japan becomes a subjugated nation and signs unequal European treaties. Capital is moved from Kyoto to Tokyo. Pahang-Malay Civil War / Selangor: Sultan Abdus-Samad issues a decree declaring the Mandailing a menace and orders their extermination. His forts in Ulu Klang fall to the invading Pahang-Malay, Hakka Chinese and Kedah forces Second Opium War (Arrow War) Bhutanese MassacreBritish kill 100.
1867- 1880 AD: The Earl of Rossmore’s brother becomes Secretary of the Grand Jury of Ireland and holds a cock fight in the Monaghan Court house. The aristocracy makes up 73 percent of English Parliament and control the justiciary of Ireland and Scotland. The Irish People Newspaper is seized and the editors are deported to penal colonies. Seamróg clover used as a symbol of rebellion. Those who wear it or wear green are hanged. The Famine hits Shropshire, England and is embeded in the fairy tale of an immortal white cow who comes to give milk. British Child Emigration Scheme: The government with the cooperation of: The United Church, Protestant Adoption Society, Catholic Church, Presybterian Church, Reverend John Edward, Father Nugent, Drs Thomas and Bowman, Charlotte Alexander, Oliver Hind, Lord Douglas, Sir Middlemore, Salvation Army, Church of England, and the Self Help Emigration Society deport thousands of Scottish, Irish, and Welsh children without consent to work as indentured servants a.k.a slaves in Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. This continues until the 1960s. Irish women are raped by the aristocracy and it is called: Taking one’s pleasure in the country and sowing one’s wild oats in ones county town. Lord Briscoe dared not throw a stone at any child in the town of Carrick-on-Suir for fear it might be his own. The 72 year old bachelor Earl of Leitrim is shot dead on his estate in Donegal with his driver and clerk after evicting tenants (a.k.a rack-renting), irritating local police, killing tenants goats, and raping a local farm woman The assasins escape in a boat. It is believed the entire countryside know who they were.
International: Coffee exports from fazendas, plantations through English railroads from Santos to Sao Paulo, Brazil [supplies half the world’s coffee], rise from 350,000 bags to ten million by the 1920s. Coffee is the second most valuable commodity in world trade next to oil. 1870: Second Reich: Franco-Prussian War, La semaine sanglante: Paris is sieged by the Germans and the people are starving. Battalions of Parisians join the National Guard and fight with cannons. The Versaillese government army kills thousands burying them at the Mur des Fédérés: Communards’ Wall at Cimetière du Père Lachaise. The cemetary itself is named after Père François de la Chaise (1624-1709), confessor of Louis XVI. Men, women, and children are sold into slavery to the French Islands of the Pacific – New Caledonia, Tahiti. General Winfield Scott Hancock Campaign / Custer’s Seventh Cavalry / Battle of the Washita Kiowa, Cheyenne [Tall Bull & White Horse] & Arapaho placed on reservations in the Red River, transported to Ft. Marion Prison, St. Augustine, Florida.Black Depression:Highland Scots and Irish slaves in Canada starved by the English. English government offers Land Buying Schemes to the nobles, completes the Intercolonial Railway, and kills off the buffalo. Nova Scotia coal miners revolt and burn the legislature of Montreal. Canadian Prime Minister Thomas Hackett is assasinated on the twelfth of July 1877. Riel Rebellion / Manitoba Act: Canadian government invades the Red River valley and deprives the Natives and “Half-Breeds” (Native and French, Scots or Irish extraction) of their lands. The Red River people revolt, Louis Riel kills the leader of the English Loyalists and escapes into the woods of Montana. The Red River is absorbed into Canada as Manitoba. Napier Commission: Ethiopian Civil WarBritish army invade Ethiopeia, imprison king Theodore II, capture the capital city of Magdala. Eduard Schnitzer of the Turkish army (who is warring with Albania & Montenegro) joins the British Army and is made military governor of Sudan. Sudanese Mahdi rebel. England withdraws. Truganini a.k.a Princess Lalla Rookh, the last native full-blooded Tasmanian, is raped and stabbed to death by settlers. She is beheaded and her bones are taken to England. 51 Aborigines are left, they are blamed for their own demise, and moved to Oyster Cove Penal Colony. Battle of Little Bighorn / Sioux War / Battle of the Greasy Grass General Custer invades the Black Hills reservation of the Lakota for gold. The US goverment seizes the land, but not before Custer is annihilated. Camp Grant Massacre / Cavite Mutiny / Modoc War (Lava Beds War) / Mitre’s Rebellion / Perak War / Satsuma Revolt / Ute Uprising. Gold Coast War: British raid Gold Coast, seize Nigeria, and war with the Ashanti. Zulu War. British annex Bantu tribeland of the Zulu and Matabele. Boers establish their Republic on Zulu Land Second Maori War: Maoris’ land is stolen from them and they are massacred. 208,000 die and their total number is reduced to 42,000. 1876-1879: French Indochina War: Between 13 million Chinese die in famine. Francis Garnier, Indochina administrator writes that Asian government “signifies stagnation,” while European intervention signifies “commercial freedom, progress, and wealth.” Treaty of Huê: French seize Tonkin and Vietnam. English raise salt prices and starve to death 16 million people in India. Beginning of Nihilism in Russia. Mexican Government legalises plantation slavery. 1877: Photographer Edweard Muybridge (Animals & Humans in Motion) hired [and later not paid] by California Governor Leland Stanford to win a bet with railroad tycoon Joseph Pullman that when a horse gallops all four feet leave the ground. Franco-Prussian War: Ausgleich: The Second Reich Germany seizes Alsace-Lorraine. Wilhelm I crowned Emperor of Germany at the Hall of Mirrors in Versailles. He becomes the king of Hungary. Victoria proclaimed Empress of India
1880-1901 AD: Land War: Tenants with the help of the Land League refuse to pay rent to land agent Captain Charles Boycott of County Mayo until a rent reduction is passed and boycott enters the English language. William Bence-Jones refuses to lower rents. A grave is dug outside the door and tenants siege the 10,000 acre estate. The Dragoons are called in and the family carry revolvers to church on Christmas. Viscount Mountmorres is asassinated. Gladstone passes The Coercion Bill making it illegal to refuse to work for or to boycott produce from English landlords. The Marquess of Clanricade’s evicted tenants war against the police. The land agent is shot dead on the way to church and his successor goes surrounded by an armed guard the like of which is not to be seen on this side of Texas. Mitchelstown Massacre: Tenants on Lady Kingston’s estate are shot dead by police at the courthouse after they are brought to trial for non-payment of rent. Phoenix Park Murders:Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli is stabbed to death, Gladstone is shot dead, and the British Cabinet is butchered by a squadron of heavily armed men. John Murdoch founds The Highlander: an t-àrd Albannach magazine. The Stone of Destiny is seized by Scottish Patriots and a Scottish flag is put in its place. Trespass Act & Game Laws: Highlanders stop grain shipment and England sends in the Marines. Highlanders are read the Riot Act. They protest by squatting on land and stealing food. Royal Inquiry Commission set up up to investigate landlord complaints. Highland Land Law Reform Association set up to help Highlanders. Local Government Act passed to address complaints after Highlanders raid nobles’ hunting estates. Lord Bandon sets up the Cork Defence Union to ‘protect’ himself from the Land League. Thousands of English are cleared from their houses to set up the British Railway system. They are left destitute. 1887: London’s Bloody Sunday:Masses of unemployed riot in Trafalgar Square. Sir Charles Warren suppresses through military force and one man is killed. County Councils for the poor set up in Britain . Scotland Yard reveals drug use is escalating, It is a sad indicator for the times that those born into poverty would rather lose themselves in debauchery rather than pulling themselves up into civility and living decent lives.Gaelic League founded. Queen Victoria arrives in Ireland to recruit for the Boer War in 1900 and dies in 1901.
International: Iceland: The Pope declares pagan prophet Odinsson anathema, which says Christians may kill him on sight without it being considered a sin by the Church. He places Iceland under the Interdict. Second Riel Rebellion: Northwest Rebellion: Riel returns to aid the Natives of Saskatchewan. The British Army massacre the inhabitants and Riel is hung. Transcontinental Railroad: Portland is connected to San Francisco and becomes the economic center of the state. George Dorris establishes first commercial filbert nut orchard in Oregon, United states. Hopi POWs jailed at Alcatraz. Berlin Conference: Kaiser Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albert von Hohenzollern II of Germany & Prussia [1859–1941], grandson of Queen Victoria, forms the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Psychiatry a.k.a Kraeplin Institute, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Eugenics & Human Heredity & The Central Office for Fighting the Gypsy Nuisance in Munich. Alfred Dillmann collects fingerprints. The Kaiser withdraws troops from Italy, forms the Scandinavian Alliance and with 14 colonial powers partitions Africa. Franz Joseph I & Sissi Habsburgs’ son Prince Rudolph kills Baroness Marie Vetsera by beating her to death at the Mayerling Hunting Lodge in the Vienna Woods and commits suicide. Triple Alliance: Mandingo-French War: King Leopold II of Belgium hires the British Army to murder millions of Africans in the Belgian Congo in his quest for rubber. He seizes Chad. England seizes Nigeria. Germany seizes Tangayika and Zanzibar. Italy seizes Somalia and Ethiopeia. Boer War / Zulu Civil War: Zulu chief Cetewayo attacks and defeats the English. Boers try to undo British annexation and are exterminated in concentration camps. Sudanese War. British capture Sudan. Kitchener massacres the Sudanese with Maxim machine guns It is documented in Hilaire Belloc’s The Modern Traveller, Ugandan Religious Wars Kumasi, Kenya, and Uganda. Africans are dispossessed of their lands, forbidden to grow crops and forced into 999 year leases on plantations. The cultivated land is re-named The White Highlands. Samoan Civil War: Spanish-American War: Treaty of Paris: US troops under Nelson Miles & William Sampson receive Puerto Rico as war payment from Spain. Accords of Rotterdam signed by Generals Davchenko (Prussian Army: Warerbo-Bulgarian War), Joffre (Napolean), Perez, and Hubris (Prussian Navy), and Bertrin Capel on behalf of the British government. Guatamalan War: French Panama Canal declares bankruptcy. Battle of Mona Passage: Pedro II of Brazil, who abolished slavery, is overthrown by planters [United Fruit Company, Frederick AdamsConquest of the Tropics,1914 ] with the help of the US Navy. May Laws: Jews expelled from Moscow and relocated to a ghetto called the Pale. Anti-Semitism becomes a word. Siberia is leased to Juan Fernandez von Moltke for personal projects. Dawes Roll Act: Natives register for 160 acres of land & anglicise their names. Government agents slip names onto rolls to reap millions of acres of land. Wounded Knee Massacre: Lakota killed for practicing the Ghost Dance. Venezuela Incident: US invades Nicaragua. 1894: Sino-French / Franco-Chinese War French Third Republic and Qing Empire for control of the Red River, that links Hanoi to the resource-wealthy Yunnan province in China. France re-seizes Vietnam and adds it to French-Indochina: Laos, Cambodia. 1894: Sino-Japanese War: Jiaw War: Korea’s Joseon Dynasty [1392-1910] the last as Japan takes over and China succeeds. Emperor Gojong of Korea forced to abdicate his throne. His son the Crown Prince Sunjong is moved to Japan. Empress Myongseong or Queen Min is stabbed and dismembered by Japanese mercenaries. Her descrated body is thrown into a fish pond and later burnt. Cheong’duk Palace in Seoul’s Memorial. Korea is looted and subjected to slave labor, prostitution, murder & torture. Journalism supressed. Treaty of Shimonoseki / Battle of Port Arthur: China cedes Taiwan and Lüshunkou: Port Arthur to Japan and Japan neutralizes the Russian naval fleet stationed there with torpedos. Torpedo bombing continues through to 1905 until the Russians agree to evacuate. 1897: Théâtre du Grand Guignol founded by Private Secretary to the Police Commissioner of Paris at 20 bis rue de Chaptal, Montmartre in the red-light district. A haven for tranche de mort: slice of death: realistic death, blood transfusion, infanticide, rape, naked women & torture scenes. 65 year run. During the theatre’s heyday, regular Guignoleurs include the King of Greece, Princess Wilhemina of Holland, King Carol of Rumania, the Sultan of Morocco’s children & Ho Chi Minh. Montmarte butchers deliver daily supplies of animal corpses. Oral legend claims cadavers used as well. Boxer Rising Peking. Chinese who escape to America are imprisoned at Angel Island. Empress Elizabeth ‘Sisi’ Hapsburg of Austria assassinated by an Italian anarchist. Italian King Victor Emmanuel III after assasination of Humbert I.